Cyril, a Byzantine missionary who introduced it and helped spread the Orthodox religion in Eastern Europe and present-day Russia in the 9th and 10th century. A few decades late it was simplified by his fellow Greek missionary Methodius. Kliment and St. Naum, disciples of St, Cyril, established a seat of higher leaning in Ohrid, in present-day Macedonia in , and created the Cyrillic alphabet, which is also used by Macedonians and Bulgarians.
Revised slightly by Peter the Great and the Bolsheviks, the present Cyrillic alphabet contains 32 letters. The Bible was translated to the Southern Slav dialect. Later called Church Slavonic, this became the language of Russian Orthodox church liturgy and is still used today. There is a lack of standardization in the Russian language. Different dictionaries and textbooks by different authors often have conflicting views on spelling and word usage, Transliteration of Cyrillic to Roman letters is not always easy.
The Library of Congress System is one of the simplest systems. Tofa is a language in danger of going extinct. It is spoken by about people in Siberia — the Tofalars. The Tofalars are a small minority that lives in a mountainous area of the Irkutsk region near Tuva and Buryatia in Siberia and the Altai region.
Their language is similar to Tuvan. There are only around Tofalars. Votic is another language in danger of going extinct. It is spoken by about 30 people on the Russian coast of the Gulf of Finland. There are about 1. The Chuvash language is the only living language of the Bulgaro-Turkish branch of the Turkic group of Altaic languages.
The closest language is Volga-Bulgarian, which is now extinct. As of the late s, about 80 percent of Chuvash spoke Chuvash as their first language. Most Chuvash that live in the cities and towns are bilingual in Chuvash and Russian.
The Ket are a remnant population of moose and reindeer hunters, fishermen and gatherers who have traditionally lived around the Yenisei River. There are only around 1, Kets left. They are related to several groups that spoke Kott languages and are now extinct. The Itelmen are a small groups that live on Kamchatka. Also known as the Kamchadals, they are very close to extinction. There numbers in the late 17th century were estimated at around 12, Today there are round 1, They live in the Koryak National Area.
Only about 20 percent speak the Itelmen language, which is similar to the languages spoken by the Chukchi and Koryak and is believed to have evolved into native American languages in North America. Russian is infamous for its long, unpronounceable names like Dneprodzerzhinsk and Sheremetyevskiy.
Ivan is the Russian form of John. Pavel is the Russian form of Paul. Russians commonly have three names: 1 the first name; 2 the middle name often an adaption of the father's name and the their last name. The "evich" or "ovich" in a man's middle name is the Russian equivalent of "son of. Russians often greet and refer to one another using their first and middle names. Yeltsin was often called Boris Nikolayevich. Using the first and middle names is a sign of respect.
Sokolsky cites the Russian linguist Trubachev, who apparently claims that a particular Russian dictionary contains words of Common-Slavonic origin. These words reflect themes of nature, body, social relationships, and work, and seem to have cognates across Slavic languages Another group of words that Sokolsky indicates as making up part of the modern Russian lexicon is of Eastern Slavic Old Russian origin. These words are common to the Russian, Byelorussian, and Ukrainian languages of the present day, but are absent from the Western and Southern groups of Slavic languages.
These words include family relationships, animals, colors, and time reference words such as "today," "after," and "now" The bulk of the words in modern Russian, however, are considered to be "pure" Russian Sokolsky Many of these include words coined during the Soviet era, particularly contractions and compounds which flourished in an age of bureaucratic language Many words in Russian have been borrowed from various other languages at different stages in history.
The words for "brick," "guard," and "money," among others, survive in the Russian language today Sokolsky Because a great number of books on subjects new to Russia were being introduced, translators often chose to simply copy the foreign words instead of finding suitable counterparts in Russian.
This led to "a battle. Even Peter the Great himself was forced to order one of his ambassadors to limit his use of foreign words" Especially admired was the French language, which began in the 18 th and 19 th centuries to be seen as fashionable and superior to Russian.
This "Gallomania" has left its traces in such words as "story of a building ," and "train car," as well as many others Of course Russian has borrowed words from countless other languages, but these are the main influences. Conclusion As I have tried to look more closely at the history and origins of the Russian language, I feel that I have come to a better understanding of this intricate and intriguing piece of the Russian culture.
Although I have discussed only a few aspects of the writing system, phonological and phonetic change, and historical reflexes in the modern lexicon, I have only begun to scratch the surface of the history of this language. I hope that my brief overview will at least spark the interest of the reader to find out more about the roots of the Russian language in order to come to understand it more fully. Appendix A Sources: Kiparsky , Sokolsky 19, Ann Arbor: J.
Press Ardis , Matthews, W. The chart shows the letters, their names, the IPA transcription of their names, their Latin equivalents, and their numerical values. These versions of the Russian alphabet are transliterated using the Scientific transliteration system, which is also known as the International Scholarly System, which has been used since the 19th century, and is the only one to include transliteration of the older letters.
Vse lyudi rozhdayutsya svobodnymi i ravnymi v svoyem dostoinstve i pravakh. Oni nadeleny razumom i sovest'yu i dolzhny postupat' v otnoshenii drug druga v dukhe bratstva. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Get 3 months Audible membership for just 99p. Iroquoian Language Family. Khoisan Language Family. Language Isolates. Mayan Language Family. NaDene Language Family. Niger-Congo Language Family. Nilo-Saharan Language Family. Oto-Manguean Language Family. Pidgin Languages. Romance Branch. Semitic Branch. Sino-Tibetan Language Family. Siouan Language Family. Slavic Branch. Tai-Kadai Language Family. Tibeto-Burmese Branch. Tungusic Languages.
Turkic Branch. Uralic Language Family. Uto-Aztecan Language Family. Related Topics. See Related Topics. Families Recently Updated. Foreign language learning is real world education. Language Careers.
Language Families. Language Families A-Z. Language Learning Difficulty. Language situation in the U. Languages in the U. Educational System. Languages on the Internet. Speaking Self Assessment. Why Study Foreign Languages. World Languages.
0コメント