Other patients with dyspepsia who are under 60 years old should consider getting non-endoscopic testing for H. Those who test positive should be offered antibiotic therapy that aims to eradicate the bacteria. Patients with dyspepsia who have undertaken endoscopy should be evaluated for H. These patients are strongly suggested for eradication therapy. Patients taking long-term, low dose aspirin should be tested for H.
Patients with iron deficiency anemia should be tested for H. Adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura ITP should be tested for H. Armand, W. Go, M. Helicobacter pylori: When to Test and How to Treat. Detects the presence of H. A person drinks a solution containing a low level of radioactive material that is harmless or a nonradioactive material.
Test not recommended for routine diagnosis or for evaluation of treatment effectiveness. Detects antibodies to the bacteria and will not distinguish the previous infection from a current one. If the test is negative, then it is unlikely that a person has had an H. If ordered and positive, results should be confirmed using stool antigen or breath test. Tissue examined under a microscope by a pathologist, who will look for H. The laboratory test can detect urease in the tissue sample.
This test is necessary if the health practitioner wants to evaluate which antibiotic will likely cure the infection. Fragments of H. The stool antigen test and urea breath test are recommended for the diagnosis of an H. These tests are the most frequently performed because they are fast and noninvasive.
Endoscopy-related tests may also be performed to diagnose and evaluate H. There is an association between long-term infection with H. Centers for Disease and Control.
Prevention of Gastric Cancer. Indirect transmission Environmental or animal reservoirs were investigated as sources of H. Table 2 H. A positive correlation was reported between prevalence of infection and consumption of food from street vendors in Peru.
In the Colombian Andes, frequent consumption of raw vegetables was associated with likelihood of infection. Bacillary forms of H. Many reports, mostly from developing countries, suggested contaminated water sources as risk factors.
Examples include studies performed in Peru, Chile, and Kazakhstan. Genetic and Environmental Determinants of H. Ethnic and genetic predisposition Marked differences in H.
Gender An excess of H. Interfamilial relations Many studies reported an influence of interfamilial relation on the spreading of H. Socioeconomic factors Socioeconomic status was reported as one of the most important factors affecting the spreading of H. Crowding index Density of living Household crowding, sharing a bed, and increasing household contact have been identified as risk factors of H. Conclusion The verdict: Is H. Figure 2. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the publication of this review article.
Authors' contributions MMK surveyed and reviewed the literature, and drafted the paper; RRS collected recent articles and participated in writing the final version of the paper; RKA analyzed the collected data, reviewed the socioeconomic literature, and wrote the paper in its final format. Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stomach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration.
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People with H. Learn More About the Complications of H. Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic's website provides comprehensive, up-to-date medical info. Its coverage of H. This site, from the American Academy of Family Physicians, has a wealth of educational materials and medical info for adults and kids, including a page on ulcers caused by H. With health and wellness information in both English and Spanish, it's a trusted source on a variety of conditions, including H.
References Helicobacter Pylori H. Pylori Infection: Symptoms and Causes. April 8, Helicobacter Pylori Infections. December 16, Helicobacter Pylori H. Pylori Tests. July 31, Pylori Infection: Diagnosis and Treatment. Helicobacter Pylori. July 14, The Malaysian Journal of Medical Science. September Helicobacter Pylori Infection. Merck Manual. January Exploring Alternative Treatments for Helicobacter Pylori.
World Journal of Gastroenterology. February Pylori Bacterial Infection: Care Instructions. Kaiser Permanente. April 15, November Helicobacter Pylori and Cancer. National Cancer Institute. September 5, Gastroenterology Research. The American Journal of Gastroenterology.
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