For example doping in sport although not yet explicitly labeled as a DI behavior is widely seen as unethical and is the target of widespread public disapproval. There is at present no definitive ethical verdict on the most prevalent form of DI, namely use of drugs in pursuit of enhanced cognitive performance e. Our results elucidate the complex psychological processes underlying NE. It is likely that there are various forms of NE; regardless of whether one analyzes behavior according to the type of drug or drug option involved or behavior according to the goal pursued.
When dealing with somebody who abuses Ritalin it is important to know whether the aim is deficit recovery or mitigation i. Unregard of the pursued purpose abusing this drug is a problem. But the arguments needed to convince a person to refrain from this abuse might be different.
In conclusion the aim of this article was to propose to, first, consequently account for the motivational roots of NE behavior in future investigations. Second, we feel that the proposed approach to the research topic, namely defining NE as the non-medical use of psychoactive substances for the purpose of producing a subjective enhancement in psychological functioning and experience, will help to overcome the conceptual limitations which have hampered research dedicated to the abuse of pharmacological products for the purpose of enhancing cognitive performance thus far Zohny, Last but not least, we have provided empirical evidence that university students using NE might be classified according to their motivation or goal, e.
We believe that such forms of differentiation between users are essential to devising techniques for deterring risky behavior among university students. RB and WW developed this research question. WW conducted the empirical part of the study. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. A central descriptive characteristic of the dependence syndrome is the desire to take the psychoactive drugs.
The lowest value occurred for the 2-class solution The 3-class solution had p -values of 0. Taken together these tests support the validity of the 2-class solution. Anderson, P. Alcohol in Europe. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies.
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Modeling distinct response patterns and quantitative differences in faking at the same time. Methods 20, 1— Zohny, H. The myth of cognitive enhancement drugs. Neuroethics 8, — Keywords: psychoactive drugs, non-addictive behavior, cognitive enhancement, drug instrumentalization, user types. Amphetamines are drugs. They can be legal or illegal. They are legal when they are prescribed by a doctor and used to treat health problems such as obesity , narcolepsy , or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD.
Using amphetamines can lead to addiction. Amphetamines are illegal when they are used without a prescription to get high or improve performance. In this case, they are known as street, or recreational drugs, and using them can lead to addiction. This article describes this aspect of amphetamines. Amphetamines are stimulant drugs. They make the messages between your brain and body move faster. As a result, you are more alert and physically active.
Some people use amphetamines to help them stay awake on the job or to study for a test. Others use them to boost their performance in sports. Amphetamines also cause the brain to release dopamine. Dopamine is a chemical that is involved with mood, thinking, and movement.
It is also called the feel-good brain chemical. Using amphetamines may cause pleasurable effects such as:. People who use these drugs, especially methamphetamine, have a high chance of getting HIV and hepatitis B and C. This can be through sharing used needles with someone who has an infection. Or, it can be through having unsafe sex because drug use can lead to risky behaviors. Amphetamines can cause birth defects when taken during pregnancy.
Also, street drugs are not safe during breastfeeding. You usually do not get addicted to prescription amphetamines when you take them at the right dosage to treat your health condition.
Addiction happens when you use amphetamines to get high or improve performance. Addiction means your body and mind are dependent on the drug. You are not able to control your use of it and you need it to get through daily life. Addiction can lead to tolerance. Tolerance means you need more and more of the drug to get the same high feeling. And if you try to stop using, your mind and body may have reactions. These are called withdrawal symptoms, and may include:.
Treatment begins with recognizing there is a problem. Once you decide you want to do something about your drug use, the next step is to get help and support. Treatment programs use behavior change techniques through counseling talk therapy. The goal is to help you understand your behaviors and why you use amphetamines. Involving family and friends during counseling can help support you and keep you from going back to using relapsing.
If you have severe withdrawal symptoms, you may need to stay at a live-in treatment program. There, your health and safety can be monitored as you recover.
At this time, there is no medicine that can help reduce the use of amphetamines by blocking their effects. But, scientists are researching such medicines. Call for an appointment with your health care provider if you or someone you know is addicted to amphetamines and needs help to stop using.
Also call if you are having withdrawal symptoms that concern you. Kowalchuk A, Reed BC.
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